Introduction
The incidence of myoma associated with pregnancy is on rising owing to the delay in child bearing age group and improved diagnostic techniques. Complications associated with fibroids in pregnancy are miscarriages, placental insufficiency, malpresentations, abruption, preterm labour, increased caesarean section rate, pain due to fibroid degeneration and torsion.1 Uterine myomas are observed in pregnancy more frequently than in past because many women are delaying child bearing till the late thirties, which is time for greatest risk of myoma growth. Traditionally obstetricians have avoided performing myomectomy during caesarean section due to fear of potential complications like intractable haemorrhage and atonicity leading to hysterectomy, as the pregnant uterus is more vascular.2 However a number of recent studies have favoured caesarean myomectomy with the help of better blood bank and anaesthetic facilities. Recent reports indicate that myomectomy, at the time of caesarean section operation, can be safely undertaken by skilled practitioner since it greatly reduces the need for a second surgery for fibroid. uterus and future fertility and adds on its cost effectiveness.3 The scar integrity following caesarean myomectomy has been shown to be better than that following interval myomectomy. When assessed with serial ultrasound scan in subsequent pregnancies and at subsequent caesarean section.4 The aim of this study is to compare the intra-operative and post-operative complications following caesarean myomectomy and caesarean section alone in antenatal patients with myomas.
Materials and Methods
The study was an observational comparative study of 19 antenatal patients with myomas who were posted for caesarean myomectomy along with 19 antenatal patients (age matched) with myomaswho were undergoing caesarean alone, admitted under dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of MES Medical College Perinthalmanna. The study was conducted between January 2016 to July 2017. The inclusion criterias were (a) Antenatal patients with documented myoma in present pregnancy by antenatal ultrasonogram. (b) Elective caesarean section cases alone. and (c) written informed consent. Patients with coagulopathies, patients who were undergoing any other surgery other than myomectomy at the time of caesarean delivery and patients with history of antepartum hemorrhage were excluded. Convenient sample was used to get both groups of patients. Data collection after taking written informed consent from all participants, from pre-designed semi- structured questionnaire and socio demographic details were done. All the antenatal patients had ultrasonography (USG) during pregnancy. Pre-op haemoglobin and USG findings recorded. All of them had daily iron tablets during their antenatal period. They also had prophylactic antibiotic during induction of anaesthesia and repeated after 12 hours. Intra-op duration of surgery in minutes and no of mops used and intraoperative drain noted. Post-operative duration of hospital stay in hours and post op haemoglobin were also noted .Complications like postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), need for blood transfusions, haemostatic sutures, post operative fever or sepsis or if ended up in obstetric hysterectomy were noted. Data collected was entered in MS excel sheet and the analysis was done using epi -info. Descriptive analysis done and comparison in hospital stay (in hours) between the 2 groups were done using‘t’ test. Time taken for surgery (in minutes) was compared using ‘ t’test. Post-operative complications like PPH, need for haemostatic sutures and need for obstetric hysterectomy were compared between the groups using χ2 test.
Results
In our study 42.1% of women were between 26-30 years 26.3 % among 31-35. And have a mean of 30.8+5.1 years. In caesarean myomectomy cases 10 cases were subserosal, 9cases were intramural. l In that of caesarean alone, 18 cases were intramural and one was subserosal sessile type. In the caesarean myomectomy group, 10 patients had myomas <6cms (52.6%) and 9 patients had myomas 6-10 cms (47.4%). While in caesarean alone group 14 were <6cms (73.7%) and 26.3% were between 6-10cms. Mean change in hemoglobin during surgery in caesarean myomectomy group was 1.1gm% while in caesarean alone group it was 0.7gm% which was not significant (p=0.06). Of the caesarean myomectomy group, 31.57% needed vessel ligation like uterine artery or internal iliac for achieving haemostasis and none of the caesarean alone group needed vessel ligation. 10.3% who underwent caesarean myomectomy needed haemostatic sutures and none of 19 women who had undergone caesarean alone needed haemostatic sutures. Mean time needed for caesarean myomectomy was 65 minutes while that for caesarean alone was 47.4minutes which was significantly more (p<0.001). Only 2 of the 19 women underwent caesarean myomectomy needed blood transfusion which was not significant (p=0.14). 4 of 19 patients had blood loss between 750-900ml, 12 had between 500-750ml. 14 patients in caesarean alone had blood loss between 500-750ml. Only one patient out of 19 patients who had undergone caesarean myomectomy had puerperal pyrexia without sepsis while none of the patients in caesarean group had pyrexia. Out of the 38 people none of them needed obstetric hysterectomy which was the most dreaded complication of the procedure. There is no mean difference in hospital stay in hours between caesarean myomectomy and caesarean groups. (Table 1)
Table 1
Comparison of caesarean myomectomy and caesarean
Discussion
Several authors have shown that in selected patients and in experience hands, myomectomy at the time of caesarean section is a safe and effective procedure.6, 5, 4, 3 Myomectomy at caesarean section has many advantages.7 In our observational comparative study 39 antenatal women with myomas were included. Out of these 19 antenatal underwent caesarean myomectomy and age matched 19 women underwent caesarean alone. Intra-operative and post-operative complications were compared between the two groups. All of these patients were followed up for 12 weeks post-operatively. None of the patients lost follow up. The average hemoglobin of the patients in pre and post operative period in caesarean myomectomy group were 11.9 and 10.8gm/dl respectively, while in caesarean alone group, the values were 12gm/dl and11.3gm/dl respectively. 6 of the 19 patients who underwent caesarean myomectomy needed bilateral uterine artery ligation while 2 of the 19 patients in caesarean alonegroup needed uterine artery ligation. Several studies have described techniques which can minimise blood loss at caesarean myomectomy.12, 11, 10, 9, 8 In our study 2 of the 19 women in the caesarean myomectomy group needed hayman compression sutures to prevent atonicity. None of the women in caesarean alone group needed compression sutures. In our study none of the patients needed obstetric hysterectomy which also shows the safety of surgery.11 This can be compared with the prospective study done in 2011 on 29 patients.1 In another study on 111 patients none needed obstetric hysterectomy. In our study the intra-operative blood loss was moderate and only 2 of 19 patients in caesarean myomectomy group had blood loss >750ml and needed. one unit of blood transfusion each immediate post-operatively. None in the caesarean alone group had significant blood loss. In this study, the mean duration of surgery was 65 minutes for caesarean myomectomy and 47.4 minutes for caesarean alone.13 This was comparable to a study of caesarean myomectomy conducted in 9 women between 2003-2005, where the mean operating time was 40-60 minutes.3 This is also comparable with the study conducted earlier.14 The possibility of performing myomectomy during caesarean section has become a safe procedure with experienced surgeons, anaesthetic facilities and availability of blood bank facilities in tertiary care settings. Patient selection is crucial in caesarean myomectomy and pre-operative localisation of myomas is essential. This will help to improve the overall outcome of the procedure.
