Introduction
Heart disease complicates more than 1% of pregnancies and is now the leading cause of indirect maternal deaths. Heart disease now complicates more than 1% of pregnancies and accounts for 20% of nonobstetric maternal deaths.1 The overall maternal mortality rate was 11.39 per 100,000 maternities. Direct deaths decreased from 6.24 per 100,000 maternities in 2003-2005 to 4.67 per 100,000 maternities in 2006–2008 (p = 0.02). This decline is predominantly due to the reduction in deaths from thromboembolism and, to a lesser extent, haemorrhage.2 Heart disease also become the reason for maternal morbidity and admission in Intesinve Care Unit.3
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in about 0.5–1% of all newborns and are the most common birth defects. Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) accounts for approximately 1–3% of all CHDs. Similar to Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), DORV is a subtype of contruncal heart defects (CTDs) and is anatomically characterized by a malposition of the greatarteries.4
Many authors have suggested that double outlet right ventricle originates by a specific morphologic and haemodynamic pattern of embryonic heart in XIII and XIV Streeter horizons, in which the right ventricle has two outputs.5, 6 Trisomy 13 dan 18 and deletion of chromosome 22 q11.2 are the most common genetic lesion. 7 A recent study also linked gene ZFPM2/FOG2 as the cause of the DORV. 4 The definition of DORV is that the pulmonary artery and aorta arise from the morphologic right ventricle. DORV is almost always associated with a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). DORV can be classified into 4 types depend on the location of VSD in relation to the great arteries. First is subaortic VSD, subpulmonic VSD, doubly commited VSD, non committed or remote VSD.8
Echocardiografi is the most common and easiest way to diagnosed DORV. All of the pregnant women with the cardiac disease should undergo ultrasonography on 18-22 weeks Age of Gestation(AOG) to check possibility of cardiac disease on fetus.9
Case Report
This Case report is the first case of DORV in Unversity Airlangga Hospital Surabaya. Patient is 36 years old pregnant woman who works as farmer and graduated from elementary school. This patient was referral from Dr. Sosodoro Bojonegoro Hospital with GII P0010 34/35 AOG with Congenital Heart Disease. This is her second pregnancy with her first pregnancy ended in abortion on first trimester. There was no symptom noted until the pregnancy reach 28-29 AOG. Patient started complaining of difficulty of breathing in 28-29 weeks AOG when doing light works. Patient had Antenatal Care in midwife, and she was told that she might had Congenital Heart Disease, therefore she was referred to Dr. Sosodoro Bojonegoro Hospital for further evaluation. Patient underwent echocardiography and was diagnosed with DORV. Because patient is pregnant with uncorrected DORV and it is a rare case, patient referred to Unversity Airlangga Hospital Surabaya for further management.
When we received the patient, patient complaining of difficulty of breathing with Respiratory rate 30 x/minute and Oxygen saturation 84%, from physical examination we noticed systolic murmur III/IV on right upper sternum. From laboratorium result the haemoglobin 10,4 g/dl, hematocrit 33,7%. From ultrasonography, we had suspicion of Intra Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) because the Estimated Fetal Weight only 1500 gram, with oligohydramnion, also the Cerebroplacental Doppler Ratio < 1. From Echocardiography was done again which showed these findings severe tricuspid regurgitation, severe aortic regurgitation and sever pulmonary stenosis, Ejection Fraction 70%, right ventricle hypertrophy, dan Ventrikel Septal Defect Malignant bidirectional flow dominant R to L Shunt (VSD diameter 2,5 cm) dengan Overriding Aorta 67%, McGoon ratio 1,0. We gave diuretic with beta blocker orally to reduce the symptoms and corticosteroid for lung maturity for 2 days. Patient undergo cesarean section without complication and delivered baby boy with body weight 1500 gram, body length 47 cm, Apgar Score 7-8, Ballard Score 35 weeks, Lubchenco Score < 10%. We fully examined the baby, from the physical examination there was no abnormality. Post operatively patient symptoms reduce significantly, and patient was discharged 3 days after the Cesarean Section. Post partum this patient had two times check up at Dr. Sosodoro Bojonegoro Hospital without any complain.
Result and Discussion
DORV is a rare case, and only a few of pregnant women with uncorrected DORV was reported and ended well. Our patient was diagnosed with DORV on 33-34 weeks AOG. Wang et al. reported Case Series of 21 patients with uncorrected congenital heart disease and underwent delivery with good prognosis but all of this patients in NYHA I atau II.10 Complication for pregnant women with uncorrected DORV include spontaneous abortion, still birth, IUGR and preterm birth.11 We also diagnosed IUGR from ultrasonography and after delivery because of Lubchenco score <10%. Hypoxic condition from this patient will cause polycythemia and increase in blood viscosity in the end it will increase the risk of thromboembolism. The Increased oxygen demand in patients exceeds the body's ability and adaptation during pregnancy, this will increase the risk of abortion.12 Patient had spontaneous abortion in her first pregnancy, However, as occurred in our patient, it is very important to note that pulmonary stenosis has a protective effect because it allows oxygenated blood to pass from the left atrium to the aorta, and it can also improve pulmonary venous return to systemic circulation with greater oxygen saturation, which is related to fewer complications during pregnancy in these patients. 13
Salame-Waxman D et al. reported 1 case similar to our case, patient that was reported is 19 yeas old with uncorrected DORV, patient also pregnant for second time after her first pregnancy ended in abortion. In the end Patient had spontaneous delivery under epidural anesthesia. The outcome of the baby was good after the delivery and follow up 4 years after the delivery persalinan.14 Another case that was reported by Gu et al. at 2016 also had the same DOR, patient also pregnant for second time after her first pregnancy ended in abortion. Patient was scheduled for Cesarean Delivery under epidural anesthesia.15 Based from this case report all of the pregnant patient with Congenital Heart Disease must have counseling about all of the risk. When the patient have Antenatal Care we also need to stratified the risk from this patient using Carpreg or Zahara scorin. Both of those scoring can identified cardiovascular incident that might happen. We can also modified WHO classification of maternal cardiovascular risk (mWHO) that commonly use right now.
Conclusion
Our patient was diagnosed with DORV and underwent cesarean section without any complication and delivered baby boy without any abnormality from physical examination. Pulmonary and systemic circulations had a haemodynamic balance, until volume overload made symptoms of heart failure apparent. Early diagnosis and proper counseling are keystones for a successful pregnancy outcome.
