Neural Tube Defects in Prenatal Diagnosis

Authors: Dr Rajalekshmi Murugan, Roselin Sheela

DOI: 10.18231/j.ijogr.10484.1570454576

Keywords: Prenatal Diagnosis, OccipitoMeningoEncephalocele, Fetal Acrania, Arnold-Chiari Malformation, Semilobar Prosencephaly

Abstract: Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital anomalies, arising from the incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryogenesis. These defects can lead to severe conditions such as anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele, significantly impacting fetal morbidity and mortality. This case series presents four distinct instances of NTDs diagnosed during the second trimester of pregnancy: occipito meningo encephalocele, fetal acrania, Arnold-Chiari malformation type II, and semilobar prosencephaly. Each case shows the critical role of early and accurate prenatal diagnosis, facilitated by advancements in ultrasonography and imaging modalities. The series highlights the complexities of managing pregnancies complicated by NTDs, where medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) was the outcome in each case due to the poor prognosis associated with these conditions. Despite the well-established preventive benefits of folic acid supplementation, NTDs continue to occur, warranting the need for ongoing public health efforts to promote folic acid intake and improve prenatal care. The discussion in this series emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis and management of NTDs, ensuring comprehensive support for affected families. These cases demonstrate that, while early diagnosis allows for informed decision-making, further research is needed to enhance preventive strategies and improve outcomes for those affected by NTDs. Through detailed documentation and analysis, this series contributes to the broader understanding of NTDs and their management, advocating for continued advancements in prenatal care and public health interventions.